What Do You Know About Tibetan dZi Beads ?
More about Tibetan dZi beads
The awe and fascination with the which Tibetans regard the etched agate beads they call 'dZi' must be
something similar to ancient man's obsession with beads, which has been revealed in the beautiful
specimens that have survived from antiquity. That beads played an important part in the religious,
social and economics spheres of the ancient world is well known. DZi beads occupy a similar place in
Tibetan cultural life to this day. Their ancient pattern of beliefs still persists in the refugee
communities of Tibetans in Nepal and India. It is this very rootedness in Tibetan culture that
makes dZi beads so difficult to research. Very few examples of dZi beads have found their way to the
West due to the high value Tibetans place on them and their reluctance to sell them except for very
high sums. A few examples of high quality have been brought by the authors with some of these beads
whetted an appetite for more information. Further opportunities for study came during two trips to
India and Nepal, in 1978 and 1979. Field technique was as follows: It was made known in the Tibetan
communities visited that the authors were interested in purchasing dZi beads. Every opportunity to
question anyone who knew anything about dZi was utilized, usually with the aid of interpreter who is
himself a Tibetan. The authors also attended Losar (New Year) celebration as well as a Tibetan wedding
- two occasions on which the women wear their best finery and ornaments. In this way several hundred
specimens were examined and some ideas were obtained concerning not only the folklore about dZi but
also which beads were most prized and why.
Etched agate beads have been manufactured since very early time. Beck attributed the specimens known to
him to three main periods: Early (before 2000 B.C.) Middle (B.C. to 200 A.D.) and Late (600 to 1000 A.D.)
. Francis has expanded and revised this dating as follows: Early (2700 B.C. to 1800 B.C.), Middle (530
B.C. to 200 A.D.) and Late (224 to 642 A.D.). Etched beads from the earliest period have been found
mainly at Mesopotamian and Indus civilization sites. The centers of their manufacture discovered so far
are the Indus civilization sites of Lothal and Chanhu Daro. Middle period etched beads were found mainly
at Indian subcontinent sites. Francis makes a strong case that the center of manufacture of Late period
etched beads was Iran and dates them to Sassanian times (224 to 642 A.D.) The art of etching agate and
carnellian did not die out abruptly at the end of the Sassanian period. In Iran plaques etched with pious
inscriptions were still being manufactured in the early 20th century. The technique was still practiced
in Sehwan. Sind (Pakistan) in 1857 according to Bellasis. Bellasis does not indicate whether the carnellians
that were being decorated in 1850 were beads, plaques or both. 1n 1930, Ernest Mackay found an old man,
Saheb Dino, in Sehwan who knew the technique and was able to demonstrate it to Mackay. Saheb Dino claimed
to be the last man in this area who knew how to etch carnellian and said that he has not done so for
53 years due to a lack of demand. It should be noted that Saheb Dino used this technique to decorate
a flat piece of carnellian and when asked if he could do the same to a bead, stated that he could not.
How to identify dZi bead ?
Identification of dZi beads presents certain difficulties. Many Tibetans will regard almost any etched
agate and some natural agate beads as some kind of dZi, or at least in the 'dZi' family. But not all
etched agate beads are regarded as real or as Tibetans would say, 'pure' dZi. Certain patterns found on
etched agate beads are universally recognised by Tibetans as belonging to 'pure' dZi. These include
besides the familiar 'eye' patterns (2-eyed, 3-eyed, 5-eyed, 6-eyed, 9-eyed, etc) a circle and a square
(dZi, earth door-sky door), a double wave form (dZi, round with tiger stripes), a configuration similar
to a British crown (dZi round, nectar of immortality bowl) and othes dZi with other patterns such as
stripes, wave forms, and their combinations are generally regarded as real dZi and of Tibetan origin
but are valued much less highly than the more desirable oatterns listed above. The 9-eyed dZi seems to
be the most highly preferred.
There is another set of criteria for evaluating dZi which became apparent in the course of interviewing
informants. In addition to a desirable pattern, a dZi should also have a 'healthy' shape. Beads which are
too thin ('anemic looking') or are not round in cross section are less desirable. A shiny surface and
deep colors increase the value of the dZi. Most prefer as close to a true black and white as possible,
although some prefer a deep rich brown. Opacity is a consideration; one should not detect translucence
when the bead is held up to the sun. A 'pure' dZi should not have internal flaws in the patterning
caused by differences in the underlying agate which results in uneven whittening. Finally, the bead
may not be badly chipped or broken.
Stories behind the dZi beads
Tibetan dZi beads are felt by Tibetans to be of supernatural origins. It is inconceivable to most
Tibetans that a dZi is a man-made artifact. Most Tibetans queried told the same set of stories concerning
the origin of dZi. Offered first was the belief that in ancient times dZi were the ornaments or semi-gods
who threw them away whenever they became blemished even slightly; this is said to be the reason that
hardly any of the beads are found in perfect condition. Next came the story that dZi were 'insects'
that used to move about like worms but had been petrified. One story involves a man who saw one of
these 'insects' high in the mountains and threw his hat over to capture it. When he removed the hat, the
insect had become petrified. In its place lay a dZi. Other stories relate that dZi were encountered
in the high mountains by someone with especially good karma who managed to catch them. But in coming into
contact with the human touch, the dZi petrified. Other tales are told of dZi being found in slaughtered
animals' horns or in cattle dung. Dr. R. Nebesky-Woikowitz - 1952) recounts in 'Prehistoric Bead From Tibet,'
a legend from Ngari Western Tibet. It is believed that dZi originated from a mountain near slopes like
streams. One day, however a wicked woman 'cast the evil eye' on the mountain and the flow immediately
stopped. And to this day, so the legend claims, the characteristic black and white stripes of the dZi
are still seen where the dZi seems to be very widespread and is cited to explain various peculiarities.
This, the Tibetan claim, is why sometimes a great number of dZi are found forming a kind of nest (Tibetan
dZi). Some believe that even after the beads have been unearthed, some will continue to move about for
a little while. In any case to the Tibetan, the dZi is not a man-made bead but a precious jewel of
supernatural origin.
Because it is magic, the dZi has the power to protect its wearer from catastrophe. Just as jade is worn
to forestall accidents and turquoise is worn to purify the blood and protect from jaundice, so is the
dZi worn to ward off attacks by evil spirits which might cause sudden sickness and death. Not only are
dZi worn in the traditional Central Tibet, woman's necklace with red coral, pearls and a gold charm
box studded with turquoise but also about the neck on a short cord by both men and women and usually
faced on either side by a red coral. Women will generally have a few more coral and turquoise beads in
this strand as well but the minimal pre-requisite is the dZi to serve as protection to its wearer. If the
bead should somehow become broken while it is being worn, this is taken as evidence that the bead has
done its job and absorbed the shock of the supernatural attack intended for its wearer. This renders the
dZi useless for any further amuletic protection. This is why any broken dZi is no longer 'pure'. DZi beads
are also used by Tibetan doctors as an ingredient in some of the pills they make to treat epilepsy. AN
unbroken dZi is purposefully broken and part of it is ground up along with various herbs to make the pills.
Many stories circulate among the Tibetans concerning persons who have sold a valuable dZi only to fall ill
or die sometime thereafter. This causes Tibetans to be very unwilling to sell dZi of high quality even
for the high sums which one hears quoted in the market for the various types.
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